Life style for younger

 1.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WORKBOOK ~Concept of workbook A workbook is a file that contains one or more worksheets to help you organize data.  You can create a new workbook from a blank workbook or a template. A spreadsheet or worksheet is a file made of rows and columns that help sort data,  arrange data easily, and calculate numerical data. A spreadsheet software program has  ability to calculate values using mathematical formulas and the data in cells. A spreadsheet is a grid of boxes. Each box is called a cell. Each cell is located in a  particular row and column in the grid. Each cell is available to store data. The spreadsheet can contain 32000 rows and 255 columns. More than one cell is called a range of cells. You can select a range of cells and move  them, copy them, format them and so on as easily as a single cell. Spreadsheets are used to store a table or group of tables .A table is a range of cells with  related data. To store tables that are rel...

1.4 Block Diagram and functional units of  computer o Following are the components of computer: 1. Input Unit 2. Output Unit 3. Storage Unit 4. CPU 5. ALU 6. CU 1. Input Unit: ▪ It performs following functions:        a. Accepts instructions and data from                         outside world.        b. It converts instructions and data in                          computer acceptable form.        c. It supplies the converted instructions and             data to the computer system for further processing. ▪ Data and instructions enter in the computer in a form that depends upon input device being used. ▪ All input devices must transform input signals to binary codes which are done by input interface. ▪ Input interface watch unique physical and electrical char...

1.3 Types of Computers Since the advent of the first computer different types and sizes of computers are offering  different services. Computers can be as big as occupying a large building and as small as a  laptop or a microcontroller in mobile & embedded systems. The four basic types of computers are. 1. Super computer 2. Mainframe Computer 3. Minicomputer 4. Microcomputer Supercomputer • The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing are the  supercomputers. • These are specialized and task specific computers used by large organizations. • These computers are used for research and exploration purposes, like NASA uses  supercomputers for launching space shuttles, controlling them and for space  exploration purpose. • The supercomputers are very expensive and very large in size. • It can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can  span an entire building. Uses of Supercomputer • Space Exploration •...

 Applications of Computer Computers play a role in every field of life. They are used in homes, business, educational institutions, research organizations, medical field, government offices, entertainment, etc. Home Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online bill payment, watching movies or shows at home, home tutoring, social media access, playing games, internet access, etc. They provide communication through electronic mail. They help to avail work from home facility for corporate employees.  Computers help the student community to avail online educational support. Medical Field Computers are used in hospitals to maintain a database of patients’ history, diagnosis, X-rays,live monitoring of patients, etc.  Surgeons nowadays use robotic surgical devices to perform delicate operations, and conduct surgeries remotely.  Virtual reality technologies are also used for training purposes. It also helps to monitor the fetus inside the mother’s womb. Enter...

 Fourth Generation (1972-2010): Fourth generation computers have the following components and features −  Hardware The Hardware used in the fourth generation of computers were − • ICs with Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology • Semiconductor memory • Magnetic tapes and Floppy Features It supports features like − • Multiprocessing & distributed OS • Object-oriented high level programs supported • Small & easy to use; hand-held computers have evolved • No external cooling required & affordable • This generation saw the development of networks and the internet • It saw the development of new trends in GUIs and mouse Memory The capacity of the memory was 100 million bits. Data Input The input was provided through improved hand held devices, keyboard and mouse. Examples The examples of fourth generation computers are − • Apple II • VAX 9000 • CRAY 1 (super computers)

 Third Generation (1964-1971) Following are the various components and features of the third generation computers – Hardware The hardware used in the third generation of computers were − • Integrated Circuits made from semi-conductor materials • Large capacity disks and magnetic tapes Features The features of the third generation computers are − • Supports time-sharing OS • Faster, smaller, more reliable and cheaper than the previous generations • Easy to access Memory The capacity of the memory was 128,000 bits. Data Input The input was provided through keyboards and monitors. Examples The examples of third generation computers are  • IBM 360/370 • CDC 6600 • PDP 8/11