Life style for younger

1.3 Types of Computers Since the advent of the first computer different types and sizes of computers are offering  different services. Computers can be as big as occupying a large building and as small as a  laptop or a microcontroller in mobile & embedded systems. The four basic types of computers are. 1. Super computer 2. Mainframe Computer 3. Minicomputer 4. Microcomputer Supercomputer • The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing are the  supercomputers. • These are specialized and task specific computers used by large organizations. • These computers are used for research and exploration purposes, like NASA uses  supercomputers for launching space shuttles, controlling them and for space  exploration purpose. • The supercomputers are very expensive and very large in size. • It can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can  span an entire building. Uses of Supercomputer • Space Exploration •...

 Applications of Computer Computers play a role in every field of life. They are used in homes, business, educational institutions, research organizations, medical field, government offices, entertainment, etc. Home Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online bill payment, watching movies or shows at home, home tutoring, social media access, playing games, internet access, etc. They provide communication through electronic mail. They help to avail work from home facility for corporate employees.  Computers help the student community to avail online educational support. Medical Field Computers are used in hospitals to maintain a database of patients’ history, diagnosis, X-rays,live monitoring of patients, etc.  Surgeons nowadays use robotic surgical devices to perform delicate operations, and conduct surgeries remotely.  Virtual reality technologies are also used for training purposes. It also helps to monitor the fetus inside the mother’s womb. Enter...

 Fourth Generation (1972-2010): Fourth generation computers have the following components and features −  Hardware The Hardware used in the fourth generation of computers were − • ICs with Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology • Semiconductor memory • Magnetic tapes and Floppy Features It supports features like − • Multiprocessing & distributed OS • Object-oriented high level programs supported • Small & easy to use; hand-held computers have evolved • No external cooling required & affordable • This generation saw the development of networks and the internet • It saw the development of new trends in GUIs and mouse Memory The capacity of the memory was 100 million bits. Data Input The input was provided through improved hand held devices, keyboard and mouse. Examples The examples of fourth generation computers are − • Apple II • VAX 9000 • CRAY 1 (super computers)

 Third Generation (1964-1971) Following are the various components and features of the third generation computers – Hardware The hardware used in the third generation of computers were − • Integrated Circuits made from semi-conductor materials • Large capacity disks and magnetic tapes Features The features of the third generation computers are − • Supports time-sharing OS • Faster, smaller, more reliable and cheaper than the previous generations • Easy to access Memory The capacity of the memory was 128,000 bits. Data Input The input was provided through keyboards and monitors. Examples The examples of third generation computers are  • IBM 360/370 • CDC 6600 • PDP 8/11

 Second Generation (1956-1963) Several advancements in the first-gen computers led to the development of second  generation computers. Following are various changes in features and components of second  generation computers: Hardware The hardware used in the second generation of computers were − • Transistors • Magnetic Tapes Features It had features like − • Batch operating system • Faster and smaller in size • Reliable and energy efficient than the previous generation • Less costly than the previous generation Memory The capacity of the memory was 32,000 bits. Data Input The input was provided through punched cards. Examples The examples of second generation computers are − • Honeywell 400 • CDC 1604 • IBM 7030 Third generation of computer 

 1.1 Introduction of Computer What is Computer : Computer is an electronic device which is used to store the data, as per given instructions it  gives results quickly and accurately. • Data: Data is a raw material of information • Information: Proper collection of the data is called information Characteristics Of Computer • SPEED : Computer is very fast calculating device. It can execute basic operations  like subtraction, addition, multiplication and division at a few microseconds. It can  move and copy data at a speed in the order of billion instruction per second. • ACCURACY : Computer always gives accurate results. The accuracy of Computer  does not go down when they are used continuously for hours together. It always gives accurate results. • STORAGE CAPACITY : Computers have a very large storage capacity. A large  volume of information can be stored in the memory of computer and information can  be retrieved correctly when desired. • VERSATILITY ...