ETHICAL HACKING

 What is Hacking?

Hacking is the process of identifying weaknesses in a computer system, network, or software and exploiting them.

Why Ethical Hacking?

Find security weaknesses

Protect networks

Prevent attacks

Improve organization security

Types of Hackers

1. White Hat Hackers

Ethical hackers

Work legally

Find vulnerabilities to fix them

2. Black Hat Hackers

Illegal hackers

Steal data, damage systems

Criminal activity

3 Grey Hat Hackers

Between white and black

May break rules but no harmful intent

4. Red Team

Attackers role

Tests security through advanced simulation

5. Blue Team

Defenders

Protect systems from attacks

6. Purple Team

Combination of red + blue

Enhances overall security

Skills Required for Ethical Hacking

Networking

Linux

Programming basics

Security tools

Understanding vulnerabilities

Cyber Laws

IT Act 2000 (India)

Unauthorized access is illegal

Ethical hacking must be with permission

 MODULE 2: COMPUTER NETWORKING 

What is a Network?

A network is a connection of computers and devices to share data.

Network Types

LAN – Local Area Network

WAN – Wide Area Network

MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

IP Address

Unique number assigned to each device.

IPv4 Example: 192.168.1.1

IPv6 Example: 2405:123:4567:abcd::

Network Devices

Router – connects networks

Switch – connects devices

Hub – basic broadcasting device

Firewall – security filter

Proxy – acts as middle server

OSI Model (7 Layers)

1. Application

2. Presentation

3. Session

4. Transport

5. Network

6. Data Link

7. Physical

Each layer performs a specific job.

Ports and Protocols

Examples:

HTTP – 80

HTTPS – 443

FTP – 21

SSH – 22

DNS – 53

 MODULE 3: LINUX FOR HACKERS 

Why Linux?

Open-source

Powerful

Preferred by hackers

Free tools for cybersecurity

Basic Linux Commands

ls — list files

cd — change directory

mkdir — make directory

rf — remove file

cp — copy

mv — move

pwd — current directory

File Permissions

chmod → change permissions

chown → change ownership

Important Tools in Kali Linux

Nmap

Wireshark

Burp Suite

Hydra

Metasploit

Aircrack-ng

MODULE 4: FOOTPRINTING & RECONNAISSANCE 

Footprinting Types

1. Passive Footprinting

Without interacting with target

WHOIS, DNS lookup, email search

2. Active Footprinting

Direct contact

Ping, traceroute, scanning

Tools for Footprinting

WHOIS

Google Dorking

Maltego

Saodan

Recon Techniques

Identify domain

Check open-source data

Find organization structure

Social media profiling

 MODULE 5: SCANNING & ENUMERATION 

Scanning Techniques

1. Network scanning

2. Port scanning

3. Vulnerability scanning

Tools: Nmap (Very Important)

Ping scan

SYN scan

UDP scan

OS detection

Version detection

NSE scripts

Enumeration

Extracting usernames

Identifying services

SMB enumeration

SNMP enumeration

 MODULE 6: SYSTEM HACKING 

System Hacking Steps

1. Password cracking

2. Privilege escalation

3. Executing applications

4. Covering tracks

Password Cracking Tools

Hydra

John the Ripper

Hashcat

Types of Attacks

Keylogging (lab only)

Dictionary attack

Brute force attack

Rainbow table attack

Privilege Escalation

Exploiting weak permissions

Misconfigured services

 MODULE 7: MALWARE 

Types of Malware

Virus

Worm

Trojan

Backdoor

Manpower

Spyware

Rootkit

Malware Analysis (Basic)

Static analysis

Dynamic analysis

Behavior analysis

 MODULE 8: SNIFFING & MITM 

What is Sniffing?

Capturing network packets.

Tools for Sniffing

Wireshark

Tcpdump

Man-in-the-Middle Attacks (Concept Only)

ARP Spoofing

DNS Spoofing

Session hijacking

 MODULE 9: WEB APPLICATION HACKING 

OWASP TOP 10 EXPLOIT DETAILS

1. SQL Injection

2. XSS

3. CSRF

4. IDOR

5. Broken Authentication

6. Sensitive Data Exposure

7. Server Misconfiguration

8. Access Control Failure

9. Using vulnerable components

10. Lack of logging

Web Testing Tools

Burp Suite

OWASP ZAP

Sqlmap

Web Concepts

Cookies

Session

JWT

Headers

API Testing

 MODULE 10: WIRELESS HACKING 

Basics of Wi-Fi

WPA

WPA2

WPA3

WPS

  Attacks (Theory)

Deauthentication attack

Fake access point

Packet capturing

Tools

Aircrack-ng

Kismet

 MODULE 11: SOCIAL ENGINEERING 

What is Social Engineering?

Manipulating people to gain access.

Types

Phishing

Spear Phishing

Pretexting

Baiting

Taigating

Prevention

Awareness

Email filtering

Strong passwords

2FA

 MODULE 12: CRYPTOGRAPHY 

Types of Encryption

Symmetric (AES)

Asymmetric (RSA)

Hashing (SHA, MD5)

Digital Certificates

SSL

TLS

PKI

 MODULE 13: CLOUD SECURITY 

Cloud Models

IaaS

PaaS

SaaS

Security Concepts

IAM

Encryption

Virtual machines

Containers (Docker Security)

 MODULE 14: MOBILE HACKING & SECURITY 

Android Security Layers

Permissions

Activities

Services

Broadcast receivers

Mobile Malware

Spy apps

Ransomware

Banking trojans

MODULE 15: DIGITAL FORENSICS 

Basics of Forensics

Evidence collection

Imaging disks

Log analysis

File recovery

Tools

Autopsy

FTK

EnCase

 MODULE 16: BUG BOUNTY HUNTING 

Platforms

HackerOne

Bugcrowd

Synack

How to Start

1. Learn web security

2. Test legally on bug bounty programs

3. Report bugs professionally

Bug Report Format

Title

Description

Steps to reproduce

Impact

Proof of Concept

Fix recommendation

 MODULE 17: CYBER SECURITY CAREER 

Certifications

CEH

OSCP

eJPT

Security+

CySA+

 Job Roles

SOC Analyst

Penetration Tester

Forensic Analyst

Security Engineer

Red Team Operator